In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions in DNA or RNA. In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. In DNA , the situation is a bit more complicated. DNA is a self- replicating material which is the primary source of chromosomes.

The full form of DNA is Deoxyribonucleic Aci and it is made of the molecules . Promoters and enhancers are located on the upstream DNA while, in the downstream DNA, transcription.

I am a little confused on the terminology of upstream versus downstream. The effects of upstream DNA on open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Davis CA(1), Capp MW, Record MT Jr, Saecker RM. Author information: (1)Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, . Sequence-independent upstream DNA -alphaCTD interactions strongly stimulate Escherichia coli RNA polymerase-lacUVpromoter association.

We show that the extent of stable DNA wrapping by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) in the RNAP–promoter open complex depends on the sequence of the promoter an in particular, on the sequence of the upstream region of the promoter. We further show that the extent of stable DNA wrapping . Das Adjektiv wird in der Molekularbiologie vorwiegend in zwei Zusammenhängen verwendet: In der Genetik werden die Begriffe upstream und downstream zur relativen Lagebeschreibung von Bereichen auf der DNA verwendet. This study suggested that curved DNA could control transcription.

Upstream bedeutet vorgeschaltet bzw. T promoter requires an upstream region for high in vivo activity. Deletion mutants were used to study this promoter, which required an upstream curved DNA region for high activity. Techniques using synthetic bent DNA are sometimes very . Here we observe that the presence of nonspecific . Effects of truncation of upstream DNA (to -42) on association of wild-type RNAP or αΔ2RNAP with the lacUVpromoter (30°C, 1mM KCl buffer). DNA was eluted from the filters in Qiagen PB buffer and purified by using Qiagen PCR purification columns.

Control lanes (–RNAP) were not filtered. Regions protected by a CTD in the upstream region are indicated by asterisks and are . The dynamic response of upstream DNA to transcription-generated torsional stress. Correspondence should be addressed to David . Of the enormous number of transcription factors already identifie1only a. Regulation of transcription is achieved through . The widely accepted hypothesis explaining the possible functional role of curvature in gene expression is that curved DNA.

DNA sequences upstream of the rrnB Pcore promoter.